Jernmangel - årsager, Symptomer Og Behandling

Jernmangel

Jernmangel er også kendt som anæmi eller jernmangelanæmi. Denne tilstand er en af de mest almindelige ernæringsmæssige mangler, især hos børn og kvinder før menopausen. Denne tilstand er kendetegnet ved udtømning af kroppens lagre af jern og kroppens manglende evne til at opretholde normale niveauer af hæmoglobin i blodet.

Hæmoglobin er et stof, der er til stede i røde blodlegemer, der gør det muligt for dem at transportere ilt gennem kroppen. Mangel på tilstrækkeligt jern gør kroppen ude af stand til at producere nok hæmoglobin. Dette resulterer i funktions- og sundhedsmæssig forringelse, som påvirker funktionen af flere organsystemer negativt.

Årsager til jernmangel

Årsagerne drejer sig om utilstrækkeligt jernforbrug eller at miste for meget jern. I begge tilfælde er din krop ikke i stand til at producere nok hæmoglobin. Nogle af de mest almindelige årsager til jernmangel er som følger.

1. Øgede jernbehov:

Der er visse betingelser, hvorunder folk har brug for yderligere mængder jern

• Spædbørn og småbørn har større jernbehov sammenlignet med ældre børn, da de er i den hurtige vækstfase, og til tider bliver det vanskeligt for dem at få nok jern fra deres normale diæt.
• Gravide kvinder har brug for mere jern, fordi deres jernkilder skal tjene deres egen øgede blodvolumen samt give hæmoglobin til det voksende foster.

2. Tab af blod:

Når folk mister blod, mister de også jern, da blod indeholder jern i de røde blodlegemer. Så de har brug for ekstra jern for at erstatte det mistede jern.

• Kvinder med tunge perioder er mere tilbøjelige til at lide af jernmangelanæmi, da de mister blod under menstruation.
• Visse lidelser som mavesår, hiatal brok, tyktarmspolyp eller kolorektal kræft forårsager også langsomt kronisk blodtab i kroppen, hvilket resulterer i jernmangel.
• Gastrointestinal blødning på grund af regelmæssig brug af nogle over-the-counter smertestillende midler såsom aspirin kan også forårsage anæmi. Intern blødning er den mest almindelige årsag til jernmangel hos mænd og postmenopausale kvinder.

3. Mangel på jern i kosten:

Det jern, som vores kroppe har brug for, opnås for det meste fra de fødevarer, vi spiser. Forbrug af en for lav dosis jern over tid kan føre til jernmangel. Jernrige fødevarer inkluderer kød, bladgrøntsager, æg og jernberigede fødevarer. Spædbørn og børn har også brug for jern fra deres kost for deres rette vækst og udvikling.

4. Mal-absorption of Iron:

Besides consumption, iron from food should be absorbed into your bloodstream in your small intestine. Celiac disease is an intestinal disorder that affects your intestine’s ability to absorb nutrients from digested food, thus causing iron deficiency. Absorption of iron is also affected if part of your intestine has been bypassed or removed surgically. The amount of iron absorbed from foods depends upon other factors given below.

Iron from animal sources like meat, chicken and fish is heme iron which can be absorbed 2 to 3 times more efficiently than non-heme iron from plants.

Absorption of non-heme iron from plant foods depends upon the other types of foods eaten with them. For instance, foods like meat, chicken and fish which contain heme iron increase absorption from foods containing non-heme iron such as fortified cereals, spinach and certain beans. Foods containing vitamin C can also enhance the absorption of non-heme iron when eaten at the same meal.

Substances like polyphenols, phytates or calcium which are found in some foods or drinks such as tea, coffee, whole grains, legumes, milk and dairy products can decrease the absorption of non-heme iron.

Victims of Iron Deficiency

Though anyone can suffer from iron deficiency, certain people are at greater risk. Since the risk is high their needs for iron is greater than others.

1. Women:

Women lose blood during menstruation and so they are at a greater risk of suffering from anaemia. Pregnant women can also get this deficiency because of high iron requirement.

2. Infants and Children:

Infants, particularly those with low birth-weight or born prematurely, do not get enough iron from breast milk or formula and so they are at a higher risk of iron deficiency. Children need extra iron during growth phase. Children with special health needs such as those with chronic infections or restricted diet are also at risk.

3. Vegetarians:

Those who do not eat meat are at a higher risk of iron deficiency. As stated earlier, plants contain non-heme iron which needs to be supplemented with other sources of heme iron like meat, fish and eggs to facilitate their absorption.

4. Frequent Blood Donors:

Those who donate blood frequently are at an increased risk of iron deficiency as their iron stores get depleted due to blood donation. Low haemoglobin caused by blood donation is, however, a temporary problem which can be cured by eating iron rich foods.

Iron Deficiency Symptoms

Inadequate levels of iron can impair body functions. Most physical signs and symptoms do not show up as they are mild. You can notice them only when your anaemia gets worse. The symptoms are not visible during the early stages of iron deficiency. A person having iron deficiency may have the following symptoms.

• Tiredness and weakness
• Dizziness
• Headaches
• Shortness of breath
• Pale skin
• Chest pain
• Difficulty in concentrating
• Slow cognitive and social development during childhood
• Coldness in hands and feet
• Difficulty in maintenance of body temperature
• Langsom immunfunktion, som øger modtageligheden for infektion
• Glossitis (betændt tunge)
• Symptomer hos spædbørn og børn: -
• Kræsne opførsel
• Kort opmærksomhedsspændvidde
• Langsom vækst og udvikling
• Dårlig appetit
• Forsinket udvikling af færdigheder som at gå og tale

[Læs: Årsager til underernæring]

Jernmangelsygdomme

Jernmangel er en alvorlig tilstand, som, hvis det tages let, kan føre til langsigtede sundhedsmæssige problemer. Mild mangel på jern forårsager ingen alvorlige komplikationer, men når den ikke behandles, kan det føre til følgende sundhedsmæssige problemer.

1. Anæmi:

Severe deficiency of iron can cause anaemia due to the disruption of the normal lifespan of a red blood cell. In this condition, haemoglobin levels are so low that the blood is unable to enough oxygen to the cells, thus affecting the entire body. Symptoms of anaemia include looking very pale, breathlessness, dizziness and fatigue. It also results in reduced immune function and impaired growth and cognition.

2. Heart Ailments:

Deficiency of iron can lead to rapid or irregular heartbeat. When you are anaemic, your heart is required to pump more blood to compensate for the lack of oxygen carried in your blood. This can cause enlarged heart or heart failure.

3. Inadequate Growth:

Severe deficiency of iron can lead to delayed growth and development in infants and children. It is also associated with increased susceptibility to develop infections.

4. Complications in Pregnancy:

Pregnant women are at a higher risk of iron deficiency. It can lead to premature births and babies with low birth-weight. This condition can be easily prevented during pregnancy by taking iron supplements as part of prenatal care.

5. Colon Cancer:

Iron deficiency is one of the causes of colon cancer. A research conducted on 628, 882 patients of 40 years of age and above indicated that 3.1% or 19, 349 patients had iron deficiency anaemia. Thus, those suffering from iron deficiency are at a greater risk of developing colon cancer.

6. Fatigue:

Iron deficiency can result in fatigue. It is characterized by depression and lack of sleep. Hence, iron deficiency should be recognized and treated to prevent fatigue.

[Read: Nutritionists In India]

Treatment of Iron Deficiency

Iron deficiency should not be ignored as it can lead to several health problems. Proper diagnosis and treatment of this problem is important before the condition worsens. Iron deficiency can be easily diagnosed by taking a haemoglobin test which measures haemoglobin or haematocrit test which measures the percentage of red blood cells in your blood by volume.

Reduction in haemoglobin and haematocrit levels indicates a serious deficiency of iron. Treatment of iron deficiency depends upon other factors such as your age, health and cause of iron deficiency. Some of the ways of treating iron deficiency are given below.

1. Consumption of Iron Rich Foods:

Mild deficiency of iron can be cured by including iron rich foods in your diet. The iron from animal sources like meat, poultry and eggs is more easily absorbed by your body. If you are a vegetarian, you need to increase your intake of iron-rich plant-based foods to absorb the same amount of iron as the plant sources. The list given below shows the sources of heme and non-heme iron.

Serving Size

Iron

% Guideline

Iron supplements such as iron tablets and capsules are often recommended by the doctors to replenish the iron stores in your body. To facilitate better absorption of iron in the tablets, it is beneficial to take them on an empty stomach. Since these tablets can upset your stomach, it is often recommended to take them with meals. 3. Consumption of Foods Rich in Vitamin C: Vitamin C enhances the body’s absorption of iron. It is advisable to drink citrus juice or other foods rich in vitamin C at the same time when you eat high iron foods. Citrus juices like orange juice or lemon juice contain vitamin C which helps your body to better absorb dietary iron. Iron supplements should also be taken with a glass of citrus juice or vitamin C supplement for better absorption. 4. Treatment of Underlying Causes of Iron Deficiency: If the iron supplements fail to increase your blood iron levels, the deficiency is due to a source of bleeding or iron absorption problem which needs to be diagnosed and treated. Treatment of the underlying causes of deficiency involves the following. Medications such as oral contraceptives to lessen heavy menstrual flow Antibiotics and other medications for the treatment of peptic ulcers Surgery for removal of a tumour, bleeding polyp or fibroid 5. Treatment of Iron Deficiency in Infants: Apart from the supplements recommended by the doctor, babies should be fed with breast-milk or iron-fortified formula in the first year. Cow’s milk is not a good source of iron and so it should not be given to infants below the age of one year. Iron from breast milk can be more easily absorbed than the iron found in formula. Iron deficiency cannot be cured overnight. 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